.

Glossary

(Thanks to the International Development Research Centre, Canada)

AGROPOLIS: International Graduate Research Awards Program in Urban Agriculture (IDRC)

AGUILA: Red Latinoamericana de Investigaciones en Agricultura Urbana (Latin American Research Network on Urban Agriculture), Peru

Blackwater: Blackwater is wastewater from toilets and other disposal mechanisms of solid and liquid animal or human effluents (see greywater).

CBO: community-based organization

CEPIS: Centro Panamericano de Ingenieria Sanitaria y Ciencias Ambientales (Pan American Center for Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Sciences), Peru

CEUR/PUCMM: Centro de Estudios Urbanos y Regionales (Center for Urban and Regional Studies), Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra, Dominican Republic

CFP: Cities Feeding People program (IDRC)

CGIAR: Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research

CIDA: Canadian International Development Agency

CIP: Centro Internacional de la Papa (International Potato Center), Peru

DEFRA: Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, United Kingdom

DFID: Department for International Development, United Kingdom

DGIS: Directorate General of International Cooperation, Netherlands

Ecological footprint: The ecological footprint of a given population is “the total area of productive land and water required on a continuous basis to produce the resources consumed, and to assimilate the wastes produced, by that population, wherever on Earth the land (and water) is located” (Rees 1997).

ENDA: Environnement et développement du Tiers Monde (Environment and Development for the Third World), Senegal and Zimbabwe

EU: European Union

FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Farmers’ markets: Movement of local food producers in UK and elsewhere selling direct to consumers at regular market days in urban community centres.

Food deserts: Urban areas where poverty and bad planning have resulted in a more-or-less complete lack of available fresh or nutritious food.

Food miles: Concept introduced by food academic Tim Lang as an indication of the energy resources involved in transportation of food products from remote to local markets.

Food security: Food security means that food is available at all times; that all persons have means of access to it; that it is nutritionally adequate in terms of quantity, quality, and variety; and that it is acceptable within the given culture. Only when all these conditions are in place can a population be considered “food secure” (see Koc et al. 1999, pp. 1–7).

Foodshed: A restrictive definition would have the foodshed of a city correspond with the area next to a city whose food production is largely destined to supply the city in its daily food needs. A more encompassing definition has the foodshed of a city to include “all the areas that supply food products to it: local, rural, or foreign.” The foodshed can be defined for each food group. Generally, the richer the city, the larger the foodshed (UNDP 1996, p. 10).

GIS: geographic information system

GMO: genetically modified organism

Greywater: Greywater is wastewater from washing, bathing, and laundry (see blackwater).

GTZ: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit, Germany

IAGU: Institut africain de gestion urbaine (African Urban Management Institute), Senegal

IDRC: International Development Research Centre, Canada

IFAN: Institut fondamental d’Afrique noire (Basic Institute of Black Africa), Senegal

INWRDAM: Inter-Islamic Network on Water Resources and Development and Management, Jordan

IPES: Instituto Peruano de Promoción del Desarrollo Sostenible (Peruvian Institute for the Promotion of Sustainable Development)

IWMI: International Water Management Institute, Ghana and India

LAC: Latin America and the Caribbean

MDP-ESA: Municipal Development Partnership for Eastern and Southern Africa, Zimbabwe

NGO: nongovernmental organization

ONAS: Office national de l’assainissement du Sénégal (National Sanitation Agency), Senegal

PLAW: People, Land, and Water program (IDRC)

RUAF: International Network of Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security, Netherlands

SDP: Sustainable Dar es Salaam Project, Tanzania

Self-reliance: A self-reliant community or city exploits to the fullest its own local resources, assets, and capacities to satisfy its own food needs, thereby reducing as much as possible its dependence on imports.

Self-sufficiency: Taking food supply for example, self-sufficiency refers to complete independence from imports to cater to a community or city’s food needs, a goal hardly achievable even under the most optimistic scenario.

SENAR: Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Rural (National Rural Apprenticeship Service), Brazil

SGUA: Support Group on Urban Agriculture

Subsistence vs self-provisioning: Subsistence production was a term coined through research on peasant economies and rural societies largely isolated from market forces. In such economies, producers earmark most of their output for their own consumption. There is only minimal trade. In urban agriculture, the term has been applied to designate any portion of an urban producer’s food output that they dispose of through nonmarket channels, including direct supplies to their own household. This usage has been criticized as inappropriate in urban settings, where a market economy prevails; here, food both produced and consumed at source does have monetary value (cost and benefit), and any effort to secure it at a lower cost than priced potentially brings cash savings. Instead, in urban agriculture, the term “self-provisioning” is increasingly used.

TOP: temporary occupancy permit

UA: Urban agriculture. There are many definitions of UA. CFP used the following: “An industry located within (intra-urban) or on the fringe (peri-urban) of a town, a city, or a metropolis, which grows or raises, processes, and distributes a diversity of food and nonfood products. It (re)uses on a daily basis human and natural resources, products, and services largely found in and around that urban area and, in turn, supplies on a daily basis human and material resources, products, and services largely to that urban area.” Intra-urban agriculture refers to agriculture carried out within city limits (as defined by ratio of built-up area, population density, or administrative boundary line). Peri-urban agriculture is carried out beyond that city limit and outward, up to a certain point. Where one sets the outer boundary of the peri-urban agricultural zone will depend on the criteria used, and several have been used in past research. But the degree of development of the local transportation infrastructure and system tends to be key in defining the “width” of this zone around the city (see UPA).

UMP: Urban Management Programme (UN-HABITAT), Ecuador and Kenya

UN: United Nations

UNCHS: United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, Kenya

UNDP: United Nations Development Programme

UN-HABITAT: United Nations Human Settlements Programme

UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund

UPA: Urban and peri-urban agriculture, which includes both intra- and peri-urban agriculture (UPA and UA are used interchangeably in this book).

WHO: World Health Organization

WUF: World Urban Form